Sex and hermaphroditism in the Penna model

I compared sexual(SX) and hermaphroditic(HA) reproduction schemes within the Penna model[1]. A fixed set of parameters was used, to make the results comparable with recent simulations[2]. I also reproduced the results for a selfemerging dominance[2] in an independant simulation for both hermaphroditic and sexual cases. A variation on partner selection was also implemented, this shifted stable population sizes slightly. The stable population is considered the most significant result for these comparisons since Stauffer et al.[3] gave strong argument, that from two species competing for the same resources the one with a higher stable population while not competing will prevail, while the other one will die out. The parameters were: Birthrate B = 4, minimum reproduction age R = 8, mutational threshold T = 3, and mutation rate M = 1. Different values for Nmax have been simulated. The starting population was choosen to N(0) = Nmax/100. In order to get better statistics several runs have been made with a different seed value for the random number generator, when computer time was available.